| Title | Artist | Time | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Burned - Stripped | 3:16 | USD 1.29 | ||
| 2 | Us - Stripped (feat. The Margo | 3:52 | USD 1.29 | ||
| 3 | Tendencies - Stripped | 3:39 | USD 1.29 | ||
| 4 | Things Change - Stripped | 3:08 | USD 1.29 | ||
| 5 | Beautiful War | 3:57 | USD 1.29 | ||
| 6 | Shelter - Stripped | 3:08 | USD 1.29 | ||
| 7 | Heavy Love - Stripped | 3:57 | USD 1.29 |
